Concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and their preparation

ABSTRACT

A concentrated liquid biocide composition is produced by a process which comprises continuously or intermittently feeding (i) bromine chloride into mixing apparatus where the bromine chloride contacts (ii) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid. An aqueous product is produced having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1. The desired product can be withdrawn from the mixing apparatus continuously or intermittently.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of commonly-owned copending application Ser. No. 09/442,025, filed Nov. 17, 1999, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of commonly-owned Continued Prosecution application (CPA) Ser. No. 09/088,300, which continues the prosecution of prior commonly-owned application Ser. No. 09/088,300, filed Jun. 1, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,861, issued on May 30, 2000.

REFERENCE TO OTHER COMMONLY-OWNED COPENDING APPLICATIONS

Reference is also made to commonly-owned copending application Ser. Nos. 09/404,184, filed Sep. 24, 1999; Ser. No. 09/451,319, filed Nov. 30, 1999; Ser. No. 09/451,344, filed Nov. 30, 1999; Ser. No. 09/456,781, filed Dec. 8, 1999; Ser. No. 09/506,911, filed Feb. 18, 2000; and Ser. No. 09/663,788, filed Sep. 18, 2000. Reference is also made to commonly-owned copending application Ser. No. 09/296,499, filed Apr. 22, 1999.

BACKGROUND

Bromine-based biocides have proven biocidal advantages over chlorination-dechlorination for the microbiological control of cooling waters and disinfection of waste treatment systems. The water treatment industry recognizes these advantages to be cost-effective control at higher pH values, almost no loss in biocidal activity in the presence of ammonia, and effective control of bacteria, algae and mollusks.

A common way of introducing bromine based biocides into a water system is through the use of aqueous NaBr in conjunction with NaOCl bleach. The user feeds both materials to a common point whereupon the NaOCl oxidizes the bromide ion to HOBr/OBr^(⊖). This activated solution is then introduced directly into the water system to be treated. The feeding of the two liquids in this fashion is necessary because the HOBr/OBr^(⊖) mixture is unstable and has to be generated on-site just prior to its introduction to the water. Furthermore, the feeding, and metering of two liquids is cumbersome, especially as the system has to be designed to allow time for the activation of bromide ion to occur. Consequently many biocide users have expressed the need for a single-feed, bromine-based biocide. Molecular bromine chloride is deemed to meet these demands. It is a liquid at room temperature and can be fed directly to the water system, where immediate hydrolysis occurs to yield HOBr.

BrCl+H₂O→HOBr+HCl

Bromine chloride is a fuming, red liquid or gas, with a boiling point of 5°, and a vapor pressure of 1800 mm at 25° C. It corrodes most metals in the presence of water.

It can be seen that certain characteristics of bromine chloride—especially its corrosiveness, high vapor pressure and fuming tendencies—necessitate care and skill in its handling and use.

An economically acceptable way of stabilizing high concentrations of aqueous solutions of bromine chloride is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,652 to Moore, et al. The solution is prepared from bromine chloride, water and a halide salt or hydrohalic acid. These solutions were found to decompose at a rate of less than 30% per year and in cases of high halide salt concentration, less than 5% per year. Moreover, solutions containing the equivalent of 15% elemental bromine could be prepared. Unfortunately, the relatively high acidity of these solutions and their tendency to be corrosive and fuming impose limitations on their commercial acceptance.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,861, referred to at the outset, describes, inter alia, a new process of forming concentrated aqueous solutions ofbiocidally active bromine and in so doing, provides novel and eminently useful concentrated aqueous biocidal solutions of bromine chloride. Such solutions are formed by a process which comprises mixing (a) bromine chloride with (b) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid (preferably the sodium salt), the resulting solution having a pH of at least about 7, e.g., in the range of 7 to about 13.5. The amounts of (a) and (b) used are such that (i) the content of active bromine in the solution is at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt) and (ii) the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (a) and (b) is greater than 0.93, and preferably is greater than 1.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One objective of this invention is to enable the process of U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,861 to be carried out not only in a commercially-feasible manner, but in addition, in an exceptionally efficient manner on a continuous basis. Other objectives may appear hereinafter.

In one of its embodiments this invention provides a process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide composition which process comprises continuously or intermittently feeding (i) bromine chloride into mixing apparatus where said bromine chloride contacts (ii) an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid, to produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is present in said mixing apparatus to which the bromine chloride is being fed. In another preferred embodiment, bromine chloride and aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid are continuously being fed into said mixing apparatus, and product is withdrawn from said mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding to be maintained.

In other embodiments, the bromine chloride is continuously formed from bromine and chlorine, preferably in nearly equimolar amounts, and at least a portion of the bromine chloride being continuously produced is used as the feed of bromine chloride. Thus in plant facilities where bromine chloride is required or desired for use(s) in addition to that required to maintain the continuous feed of (i) above, the continuous production of the bromine chloride can be scaled up to serve all such uses.

A preferred embodiment includes, in addition to producing the concentrated liquid biocide composition as described above, the following concurrent operation, namely, continuously, but alternately, withdrawing from at least one and then from at least one other of at least two reaction vessels, an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid at a rate that maintains a stream of (ii), and during the time the solution is being withdrawn from said at least one of at least two reaction vessels, forming additional aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid in said at least one other of at least two reaction vessels from which solution is not then being withdrawn. In this way, aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution can be continuously withdrawn from one or more tanks (“Tank(s) I”) to serve as a continuous feed of (ii), while forming more of such solution in one or more other tanks (“Tank(s) II”), so that when Tank(s) I is/are depleted, the system is switched to Tank(s) II which then serve(s) as the supply for a continuous feed of (ii) until depleted, and by that time more of such solution has been formed in Tank(s) I. Thus by alternating the supply and the production from one tank (or group of tanks) to another tank (or group of tanks) and switching back and forth between the filled tanks as the supply, a continuous feed of the aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution can be maintained without material interruption.

A particularly preferred embodiment of this invention is a process which comprises:

A) continuously feeding into mixing apparatus (i) a bromine chloride stream identified below in C), and (ii) a separate feed stream of an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid identified below in D), in proportions that produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93;

B) withdrawing the aqueous product from the mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding in A) to be maintained;

C) continuously contacting bromine and chlorine in a vessel in quantities such that bromine chloride is produced, and continuously withdrawing from this vessel a bromine chloride product stream at a rate that maintains the feed of (i) in A), at least a portion of this bromine chloride product stream constituting the bromine chloride stream (i) of A);

D) continuously, but alternately, withdrawing from at least one and then from at least one other of at least two reaction vessels, an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid at a rate that maintains the stream of (ii) in A), and during the time the solution is being withdrawn from at least one of the reaction vessels, forming additional aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid in at least one other of the reaction vessels from which solution is not then being withdrawn.

The above and other embodiments and features of this invention will be still further apparent from the ensuing description, the accompanying drawing, and/or the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a plant layout suitable for the practice of the continuous processes of this invention.

FURTHER DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Various types of mixing apparatus can be used in the practice of this invention. In one preferred embodiment the mixing apparatus comprises a static mixer. In some embodiments, the static mixer can be of any suitable design and configuration as long as it is capable of continuously receiving continuous feed streams of bromine chloride and aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution, and continuously discharging a mixture formed from these feed streams that is substantially uniform in composition and thus satisfies product specifications. In other embodiments, the static mixer needs to be capable of containing an aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution while receiving a continuous or intermittent feed stream of bromine chloride, and capable of discharging the resulting product solution, although not necessarily continuously.

Another preferred mixing apparatus comprises a vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer. In this case, the vessel continuously receives the continuous feed streams of bromine chloride and aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution, and either continuously or intermittently discharges a substantially uniform mixture formed from these feed streams. The mechanical stirrer can be programmed to operate continuously or intermittently as long as the discharge from the vessel is constantly substantially uniform in composition. Thus if the discharge from the vessel is intermittent, the incoming continuous feeds are preferably agitated during at least most of the time the vessel is filling up to a predetermined volume at which point the contents of the vessel are discharged more rapidly than the total incoming feeds until the vessel reaches a predetermined low volume, at which point the discharge is discontinued so that the vessel begins to fill up again. On the other hand, if the discharge is continuous, the system is designed and constructed such that the total incoming volume to the vessel and the concurrent outgoing volume from the vessel remain equal and so that the vessel continuously contains a predetermined volume of contents which are being mixed by the mechanical stirrer. In such case, the stirrer preferably is operated continuously.

The bromine chloride can be preformed bromine chloride maintained and sourced from storage tanks. Preferably however the bromine chloride is concurrently being prepared in a suitable corrosion-resistant reaction vessel on a continuous basis from bromine and chlorine. As indicated above, the amount of bromine chloride being continuously produced can equal the amount of bromine chloride being continuously fed to the mixing apparatus, when there is no other need or desire for additional amounts of bromine chloride. But if there are other such needs or desires, the amount of bromine chloride production can be scaled up to meet such needs or desires. The bromine chloride is typically formed by contacting the reactants in nearly equimolar quantities and maintaining the temperature of the mixture in the range of about −30 to about 30° C.

Use of bromine chloride as the source of the active bromine in the concentrated stabilized liquid biocide formulations produced pursuant to this invention is highly advantageous. When such biocidal formulations are used to treat water, all of the bromine of the bromine chloride is made available as active bromine in the resulting highly dilute solution. In other words, the chlorine of the bromine chloride is converted in the process to dissolved alkali metal chloride salt, thereby liberating the bromine as the active bromine content of the biocidal composition. Thus the more expensive component of the bromine chloride—viz., bromine—is fully utilized in forming active bromine in the aqueous biocidal composition, and concurrently the less expensive component—the anionic chlorine in the bromine chloride—makes this beneficial result possible.

The term “active bromine” of course refers to all bromine-containing species that are capable of biocidal activity. It is generally accepted in the art that all of the bromine in the +1 oxidation state is biocidally active and is thus included in the term “active bromine”. As is well known in the art, bromine, bromine chloride, hypobromous acid, hypobromite ion, hydrogen tribromide, tribromide ion, and organo-N-brominated compounds have bromine in the +1 oxidation state. Thus these, as well as other such species to the extent they are present, constitute the active bromine content of the compositions of this invention. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,382,799 and 5,679,239. A well-established method in the art for determining the amount of active bromine in a solution is starch-iodine titration, which determines all of the active bromine in a sample, regardless of what species may constitute the active bromine. The usefulness and accuracy of the classical starch-iodine method for quantitative determination of bromine and many other oxidizing agents has long been known, as witness Chapter XIV of Willard-Furman, Elementary Quantitative Analysis, Third Edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., N.Y., Copyright 1933, 1935, 1940.

A typical starch-iodine titration to determine active bromine is carried out as follows: A magnetic stirrer and 50 milliliters of glacial acetic acid are placed in an iodine flask. The sample (usually about 0.2-0.5 g) for which the active bromine is to be determined is weighed and added to the flask containing the acetic acid. Water (50 milliliters) and aqueous potassium iodide (15% (wt/wt); 25 milliliters) are then added to the flask. The flask is stoppered using a water seal. The solution is then stirred for fifteen minutes, after which the flask is unstoppered and the stopper and seal area are rinsed into the flask with water. An automatic buret (Metrohm Limited) is filled with 0.1 normal sodium thiosulfate. The solution in the iodine flask is titrated with the 0.1 normal sodium thiosulfate; when a faint yellow color is observed, one milliliter of a 1 wt % starch solution in water is added, changing the color of the solution in the flask from faint yellow to blue. Titration with sodium thiosulfate continues until the blue color disappears. The amount of active bromine is calculated using the weight of the sample and the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution titrated. Thus, the amount of active bromine in a composition of this invention, regardless of actual chemical form, can be quantitatively determined.

The aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid (alkali metal sulfamate) can be preformed and sourced from storage vessels in supplying the other continuous feed to the mixing apparatus. However it is preferred to concurrently produce such aqueous solution at a rate sufficient to at least continuously supply the amount required to maintain such continuous feed to the mixing apparatus. If there are other needs or desires for such aqueous solution, the amount of solution produced can be scaled up to satisfy such needs or desires.

It is possible to form the aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid by mixing water, dry sulfamic acid, and a dry water-soluble the alkali metal base also in the dry state. It is also possible to form the aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid by mixing dry sulfamic acid with a dry water-soluble the alkali metal base also in the dry state, and then mix the resultant dry mixture of solids with water. However, the aqueous solution of alkali metal sulfamate is preferably formed either by mixing together a slurry of sulfamic acid in water and a solution of the water-soluble alkali metal base or by mixing dry sulfamic acid with an aqueous solution of alkali metal base.

Any water-soluble inorganic alkali metal base can be used in forming the aqueous solution of alkali metal sulfamate. Examples of such bases include the oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, acetates, sulfates, and the like. While a water-soluble basic salt or oxide of any alkali metal can be used, the sodium salts or oxides are preferred. However potassium salts or oxides are also very useful. Mixtures of two or more water-soluble sodium bases, mixtures of two or more water-soluble potassium bases, or mixtures of one or more water-soluble sodium bases and one or more water-soluble potassium bases can be used. Highly preferred are aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions which can be formed from sodium oxide or sodium hydroxide. Typically the aqueous solution will contain in the range of about 10 to about 55 wt % of the alkali metal base, but any concentration of such base that enables the formation of an aqueous bromine chloride solution meeting the pH requirements of this invention can be employed.

Besides having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), the concentrated liquid biocide solution emanating from the mixing apparatus preferably has a pH of at least 7, e.g., a pH in the range of 7 to about 14, and preferably above 7 to about 14. Most preferably this solution is a solution with a pH in the range of about 13.0 to about 13.7. The pH of the concentrated liquid biocide solution is typically governed by the pH of the aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution used.

It is possible for the solution emanating from the mixing apparatus to have a pH with a numerical value lower than desired, and to feed additional base into the solution after it has left the mixing apparatus to raise the pH to the desired numerical value. Alternatively, a separate aqueous solution of alkali metal base can be fed concurrently and continuously to the mixing apparatus to achieve a more alkaline (basic) concentrated product solution leaving the mixing apparatus.

Therefore, in preferred operating modes the proportions of the bromine chloride and the aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution continuous feed streams to the mixing apparatus are such that (i) the content of active bromine in the resulting product solution is at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt) and (ii) the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from these feed streams is greater than 0.93, and more preferably in the range of about 1.0 to about 1.4.

In other preferred operating modes, bromine chloride is continuously or intermittently fed to mixing apparatus in which aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution is present, so that (i) the content of active bromine in the resulting product solution is at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt) and (ii) the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from these feed streams is greater than 0.93, and more preferably in the range of about 1.0 to about 1.4. The resulting product solution may be drained from the mixing apparatus. Aqueous alkali metal sulfamate solution can be formed in the same mixing apparatus to which the bromine chloride is fed.

By utilizing bromine chloride with caustic in the stabilized bromine composition, higher levels of active halogen are achievable, compared to the levels obtained by the addition of sodium hypochlorite to sodium bromide. The process and the compositions formed also have about twice the content of active bromine as the most concentrated solutions produced pursuant to Goodenough, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,503. Moreover, even at the high levels of active bromine that exist in the compositions of this invention, it has been found possible to provide biocidal compositions that maintain these high levels of active bromine for at least a two-month period, and that do not exhibit a visible or offensive vapor or odor during this period.

In each of the embodiments of this invention the operation is preferably conducted such that the concentrated product solution produced in the process has an active bromine content in the range of about 120,000 ppm wt/wt (12 wt %) to about 180,000 ppm wt/wt (18 wt %). Also in each of the embodiments of this invention, the atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine in the concentrated product solution is preferably at least 1:1, e.g., in the range of about 1.1 to about 1.5. Still higher ratios can be employed, if desired. A particularly preferred atom ratio is from 1.0:1 to 1.4:1.

One of the features of this invention is that aqueous biocide compositions are provided that, even though unpurified, are devoid or are essentially devoid of bromate. In other words, if any bromate is present, the amount thereof as determined by use of the test procedure described hereafter is such that the concentrated aqueous biocide compositions of this invention contain bromate in an amount of up to and including (i.e., no greater than) 50 ppm (wt/wt) based on the total weight of the concentrated aqueous biocidal composition. In fact, in preferred concentrated aqueous biocide compositions of this invention this bromate content is in the range of from 0 to about 40 ppm (wt/wt) as determined using such test procedure.

As is known in the art, bromate is a very undesirable component of aqueous systems. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,745 points out that in 1995 the United States Environmental Protection Agency published a paper identifying some health concerns relevant to bromate formation (G. Amy, et al., Water Supply, 1995, 13(1), 157), and that in the same year animal carcinogenesis was linked to the presence of low levels of bromate in drinking water (J. K. Falwell, and G. O'Neill, Water Supply, 1995, 13(1),29). While some prior processing achieved reductions in the amount of bromate formed when producing stabilized aqueous bromine-containing biocides, there has remained a need for still further reductions in the amount of bromate present in such biocides. Pursuant to this invention, such further reductions have been made possible. Furthermore, because of this invention, it is now possible to form a concentrated aqueous biocide composition having an active bromine content of at least about 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), and preferably in the range of about 120,000 to about 180,000 ppm (wt/wt), which not only is devoid or essentially devoid of bromate, but which since its inception has been devoid or essentially devoid of bromate. Thus in all stages in the production, handling, storage, transportation, and use of such compositions there is a reduced possibility of exposure to bromate. So far as is known, it has not been possible to achieve such results prior to this invention. Moreover, the water treated pursuant to this invention by addition thereto of an effective biocidal amount of active bromine results in a substantial dilution since, in general, on a wt/wt basis dosages in the treated water in the range of about 0.5 to about 20 parts per million of bromine (expressed as Br₂) and preferably in the range of about 4 to about 10 parts per million of bromine (expressed as Br₂) in the aqueous medium being treated for biocidal and/or biofilm control will usually suffice. This in turn means that the very small amount of bromate, if any, present in the concentrated aqueous solution of this invention is sharply reduced by orders of magnitude in the water being treated while achieving the microbiological control for which the composition is being used.

The analytical test procedure to be used for determining the concentration, if any, of bromate in the compositions of this invention is an ion chromatography procedure in which UV detection is employed. The equipment required for the conduct of this procedure is as follows:

a) Ion Chromatograph—Dionex DX-500 or equivalent, equipped with a UV detector and auto sampler.

b) Data Acquisition and Analysis Device—VAX MULTICHROM or equivalent chromatography data collection and processing system.

c) Ion Chromatographic Column—Dionex IonPac AG9-HC guard column (p/n 051791) in-line with a Dionex IonPac AS9-HC column (p/n 051786).

d) Volumetric Pipettes—any standard type of suitable volume.

e) Autosampler Vials—1-mL with caps.

f) Volumetric Flasks—100-mL.

g) Syringe—5-cc plastic syringe.

h) Pretreatment Cartridge—OnGuard-H from Dionex (p/n 039596).

The chemicals required for use in the procedure are as follows:

a) Water—Deionized water with a specific resistivity of 17.8 megohm-cm or greater.

b) Sodium Carbonate—“Baker Analyzed”® reagent grade or equivalent.

c) Sodium Bromate—“Baker Analyzed”® reagent grade or equivalent.

The conditions used for the ion chromatograph are as follows:

Eluent: 4.5 millimoles (mM) sodium carbonate

Flow-rate 1.0 mL/minute

Injection volume 50 microliter (AL)

Detector Range UV at 210 nanometers (nm)

The eluent is prepared by dissolving 0.4770 gram of the sodium carbonate in 1 liter of the deionized water. These are mixed well and the solution is filtered through a 0.2 IC compatible filter to degas the solution. The concentrated bromate standard solution is prepared by weighing 0.1180 gram ±0.001 gram of the sodium bromate into a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluting to volume with deionized water. This produces a solution containing 1,000 micrograms per milliliter of bromate. This concentrated bromate solution should be made fresh at least weekly. The bromate working standard solution is prepared by pipetting 100-microliters of the concentrated bromate standard solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask and filling the flask to volume with deionized water. The solution is mixed well, and yields a standard concentration of 1.0 microgram per milliliter of bromate.

The detailed procedure used for conducting the analysis of an aqueous solution of this invention involves the following steps:

a) Weigh 0.25 gram of the sample solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask. Fill to volume with deionized water and mix well.

b) Flush the OnGuard cartridge with 2-mL of deionized water.

c) Load 5-mL of the sample into the syringe attached to the OnGuard cartridge, pass through at a flow rate of 2 milliliters per minute, and discard the first 3 milliliters. Collect into a 1-mL autosampler vial and cap for analysis.

d) Analyze the samples, making duplicate injections, using the Ion Chromatograph instrument conditions given above.

The calculations involved in the procedure are as follows:

a) Calibration Standard: For bromate, calculate a response factor as follows: R=A/C where R is the response factor, A is the average area counts (2 injections), and C is concentration in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL).

b) Samples: ppm bromate=A/(R×W) where A is the average area of sample peak (2 injections), R is the response factor, and W is the weight of the sample in grams.

Some of the processes of this invention are continuous processes and involve continuous feeds to the mixing apparatus. In addition, some embodiments of the invention involve continuous formation of bromine chloride, or continuous contacting of bromine and chlorine to form bromine chloride, or continuous alternate withdrawal of an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid from at least one reaction vessel while another quantity of such solution is being formed in at least one other such vessel. In such embodiments the term “continuous” or “continuously” is not meant to exclude interrupted feeds or withdrawals. Generally, if such interruptions occur, they are of short duration and are such as not to materially affect the steady state operation of the overall process, and also are such as not to cause production of a significant quantity of off-specification concentrated product solution. An example of such a slight, non-adverse interruption may occur when switching the flow of aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid from at least one reaction vessel to another such vessel, an operation which is referred to above as part of a “continuous” feed. As long as such switching operation does not disrupt the operation or result in the formation of a significant quantity of off-specification concentrated product solution, such interruption is acceptable and is within the spirit of the term “continuous”. An exception exists where the term “continuous” does not allow for interruption, namely in any case where both continuous and non-continuous (e.g., “intermittent”) operation in a given step or operation are both expressly referred to herein. An example of this exception is the embodiment where product is continuously withdrawn from above-referred-to vessel that is equipped with a mechanical stirrer. Such “continuous” withdrawal is not interrupted because in another embodiment expressly referred to herein, the withdrawal of the same product from the same vessel is specifically described as “intermittent”. Thus both alternatives (continuous and non-continuous) are expressly referred to in this disclosure.

Reference is now made to the drawing, which is largely self-explanatory. In the plant flow diagram schematically depicted, separate streams of bromine and chlorine are fed, preferably continuously, into stirred jacketed reactor 10. The contents of reactor 10 are typically maintained at a temperature in the range of about −30 to about 30° C. so that bromine chloride is produced, preferably continuously. The bromine chloride is transmitted continuously into mixing apparatus 20. Concurrently sulfamic acid, a 15-25 wt % aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and water are charged into either jacketed reactor 30 or jacketed reactor 40, and the resultant mixture therein is agitated and maintained at about 10 to about 50° C. The sulfamic acid and the sodium hydroxide are proportioned to produce in the reactor an aqueous solution of sodium sulfamate having a pH which preferably is in the range of about 13.0 to about 14.0. The reactor 30 or 40 which is not then being used to prepare such aqueous sodium sulfamate solution, contains an identical aqueous solution previously made therein in the same manner. A stream of such aqueous sodium sulfamate solution is continuously withdrawn from reactor 30 or 40 (as the case may be) which contains the previously made solution, and this stream is continuously fed into mixing apparatus 20. The interaction between the bromine chloride and the sodium sulfamate solution tends to be exothermic. Therefore, it is desirable, particularly in large scale facilities, to cool the mixture as it is being formed. The effluent from mixing apparatus 20 is the concentrated stabilized aqueous biocidal formulation. This product solution is transferred from mixing apparatus 20 to a storage tank 50 or equivalent container such as a railcar or tank truck. If mixing apparatus 20 is a static mixer, the effluent from the static mixer is continuously transferred to the storage tank 50. On the other hand, if mixing apparatus 20 is, say, a vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, and such vessel is intermittently drained so that its contents oscillate between high and low contents of product solution, the transmission of the product solution from such mixing apparatus 20 to storage tank 50 is intermittent. Means (not shown) such as electrically-operated valves and associated electronics for sensing and signaling when to shut one valve while opening the other are included so that the continuous alternate flow of aqueous sodium sulfamate solution from one and then the other of reactors 30 and 40 to mixing apparatus 20 can be maintained on a continuous basis.

Instead of the separate feeds depicted in the drawing of sulfamic acid, a 15-25 wt % aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and water that alternate back and forth between one of reactors 30 and 40 while the other reactor is being drained, separate flows of the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and a preformed aqueous slurry of sulfamic acid can be fed alternately to these reactors. It may be expected that other variations and details in the depicted schematic plant flow diagram and/or in the mode of operation will now be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Even though the claims hereinafter may refer to substances, components and/or ingredients in the present tense (“comprises”, “is”, etc.), the reference is to the substance, component or ingredient as it existed at the time just before it was first contacted, blended or mixed with one or more other substances, components and/or ingredients, or if formed in solution, as it would exist if not formed in solution, all in accordance with the present disclosure. It matters not that a substance, component or ingredient may have lost its original identity through a chemical reaction or transformation during the course of such contacting, blending, mixing, or in situ formation, if conducted in accordance with this disclosure.

Each and every patent or publication referred to in any portion of this specification is incorporated in toto into this disclosure by reference, as if fully set forth herein.

This invention is susceptible to considerable variation in its practice. Therefore the foregoing description is not intended to limit, and should not be construed as limiting, the invention to the particular exemplifications presented hereinabove. Rather, what is intended to be covered is as set forth in the ensuing claims and the equivalents thereof permitted as a matter of law. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide composition, which process comprises continuously or intermittently feeding compounds/liquids consisting essentially of (i) bromine chloride into mixing apparatus where said bromine chloride contacts (ii) an overbased aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid, to produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7 and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is present in said mixing apparatus to which the bromine chloride is being fed.
 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein bromine chloride is continuously being fed into said mixing apparatus.
 4. A process according to claim 1 wherein bromine chloride is continuously formed from bromine and chlorine.
 5. A process according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is continuously or intermittently being fed to said mixing apparatus.
 6. A process according to claim 3 wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is continuously being fed to said mixing apparatus, and wherein said product is withdrawn from said mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding to be maintained.
 7. A process according to any of claims 1, 2, 4, or 6 wherein (ii) is an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid, and wherein said atom ratio is at least 1:1.
 8. A process according to claim 7 wherein said active bromine content is in the range of about 120,000 ppm (wt/wt) to about 180,000 ppm (wt/wt), and said atom ratio is in the range of 1.0:1 to 1.4:1.
 9. A process according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a static mixer.
 10. A process according to claim 1 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer.
 11. A process according to claim 10 wherein said product is intermittently withdrawn from said vessel.
 12. A process according to claim 10 wherein said product is continuously withdrawn from said vessel.
 13. A process according to claim 1 wherein said product is devoid or essentially devoid of bromate.
 14. A process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide composition, which process comprises A) continuously forming bromine chloride from bromine and chlorine; B) continuously feeding into mixing apparatus compounds/liquids consisting essentially of (i) bromine chloride formed in A) and (ii) an overbased aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid, in proportions that produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7 and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1, and C) withdrawing said aqueous product from said mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding in B) to be maintained.
 15. A process according to claim 14 wherein (ii) in B) is an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid, and wherein said atom ratio is at least 1:1.
 16. A process according to claim 15 wherein said active bromine content is in the range of about 120,000 ppm (wt/wt) to about 180,000 ppm (wt/wt), and said atom ratio is in the range of 1.0:1 to 1.4:1.
 17. A process according to claim 14 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a static mixer.
 18. A process according to claim 14 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer.
 19. A process according to claim 14 wherein said product is intermittently withdrawn from said vessel.
 20. A process according to claim 14 wherein said product is continuously withdrawn from said vessel.
 21. A process according to claim 14 wherein said product is devoid or essentially devoid of bromate.
 22. A process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide composition, which process comprises A) continuously feeding into mixing apparatus compounds/liquids consisting essentially of (i) a bromine chloride stream hereinafter described in C), and (ii) a separate feed stream of an overbased aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid, in proportions that produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7 and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1, and B) withdrawing said product from said mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding in A) to be maintained; and C) continuously contacting bromine and chlorine in a vessel in quantities such that bromine chloride is produced, and continuously withdrawing from said vessel a bromine chloride product stream at a rate that maintains the feed of (i) in A), at least a portion of said bromine chloride product stream constituting the bromine chloride stream (i) of A).
 23. A process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide composition, which process comprises A) continuously feeding into mixing apparatus compounds/liquids consisting essentially of (i) a bromine chloride stream and (ii) a separate feed stream of an overbased aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid, in proportions that produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7 and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1, and B) withdrawing said product from said mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding in A) to be maintained; and C) continuously, but alternately, withdrawing from at least one and then from at least one other of at least two reaction vessels, an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid at a rate that maintains said stream of (ii) in A), and during the time the solution is being withdrawn from said at least one of at least two reaction vessels, forming additional aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid in said at least one other of at least two reaction vessels from which solution is not then being withdrawn.
 24. A process of producing a concentrated liquid biocide composition, which process comprises A) continuously feeding into mixing apparatus compounds/liquids consisting essentially of (i) a bromine chloride stream hereinafter described in C), and (ii) a separate feed stream of an overbased aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid hereinafter described, in proportions that produce an aqueous product having an active bromine content of at least 100,000 ppm (wt/wt), a pH of at least 7 and an atom ratio of nitrogen to active bromine from (i) and (ii) greater than 0.93:1; B) withdrawing said aqueous product from said mixing apparatus at a rate sufficient to enable the continuous feeding in A) to be maintained; C) continuously contacting bromine and chlorine in a vessel in quantities such that bromine chloride is produced, and continuously withdrawing from said vessel a bromine chloride product stream at a rate that maintains the feed of (i) in A), at least a portion of said bromine chloride product stream constituting the bromine chloride stream (i) of A); D) continuously, but alternately, withdrawing from at least one and then from at least one other of at least two reaction vessels, an aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid at a rate that maintains the stream of (ii) in A), and during the time the solution is being withdrawn from at least one of the reaction vessels, forming additional aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid in at least one other of the reaction vessels from which solution is not then being withdrawn.
 25. A process according to any of claims 22, 23, or 24 wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid, and wherein said atom ratio is at least 1:1.
 26. A process according to any of claims 22, 23, or 24 wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid, wherein said active bromine content is in the range of about 120,000 ppm (wt/wt) to about 180,000 ppm (wt/wt), and wherein said atom ratio is in the range of 1.0:1 to 1.4:1.
 27. A process according to any of claims 22, 23, or 24 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a static mixer.
 28. A process according to any of claims 22, 23, or 24 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer.
 29. A process according to claim 28 wherein in B) said aqueous product is intermittently withdrawn from said vessel.
 30. A process according to claim 28 wherein in B) said aqueous product is continuously withdrawn from said vessel.
 31. A process according to claim 23 or 24 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a static mixer, and wherein said additional aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is formed from an alkali metal base, sulfamic acid, and water.
 32. A process according to claim 23 or 24 wherein said mixing apparatus comprises a static mixer, wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is an aqueous solution of sodium sulfamate, and wherein said additional aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is formed from a water-soluble sodium base, sulfamic acid, and water.
 33. A process according to claim 32 wherein said sodium base is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and wherein the sodium sulfamate is formed as an aqueous solution by charging to a reactor (i) an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and (ii) a slurry of sulfamic acid in water, or (iii) separate charges of sulfamic acid and water, or (iv) both of (ii) and (iii).
 34. A process according to any of claims 22, 23, or 24 wherein said product is devoid or essentially devoid of bromate.
 35. A process according to claim 1 wherein said pH of said aqueous product is raised from a lower pH to a higher pH by feeding additional base into said aqueous product after it has left said mixing apparatus.
 36. A process according to claim 1 wherein a separate aqueous solution of alkali metal base is fed concurrently and continuously to said mixing apparatus to form a more alkaline concentrated aqueous product solution leaving said mixing apparatus.
 37. A process according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid is an overbased aqueous sodium sulfamate solution.
 38. A process according to claim 6 wherein said aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid is an overbased aqueous sodium sulfamate solution.
 39. A process according to claim 14 wherein said aqueous solution of alkali metal salt of sulfamic acid is an overbased aqueous sodium sulfamate solution.
 40. A process according to any of claims 22, 23, or 24 wherein said aqueous solution of the sodium salt of sulfamic acid is an overbased aqueous sodium sulfamate solution. 